Chapter 2444

Maria Theresa's reforms included improvements to prison conditions, with each prisoner even being given a single room, but she did not abolish the use of torture in the judiciary, which Joseph II tried, but with limited success, When the French ruled the Netherlands, they still carried out judicial reforms and abolished the use of torture.

The methods used by the Inquisition are historically horrific, although the Pope says the Inquisition is not what it used to be.

During the Witch Hunt Movement in the Qing Dynasty in 1768, the governors of various provinces interrogated the arrested prisoners. In some places, severe torture was used. In order to avoid more torture, the prisoners chose to make up crimes and fabricated out of thin air such as "Zhang Siru" ", "Ming Hai" and other "culprits" have wasted a lot of police force and caused social panic.

Testimonies obtained through torture would obstruct justice. "The Last Witch" Anna Gorledi was tortured and beheaded in the Inquisition. Her confession does not match the originals kept in court. , then a "witch" will not attract so much public attention, but it is precisely because someone handed over these contents to the newspapers for exposure that it sparked heated discussions against the use of torture in the judiciary.

Torture such as the water chair had been abolished in England, but prison authorities were quick to find other means of torturing prisoners, one of which was the treadmill.

There was a gentleman named Cupid, when he visited the prison, he found that the prisoners were wandering in groups in the prison. He felt that this was a waste of time and energy. After careful consideration, he invented an automatic control wind wheel. Ye's equipment, it's like a waterwheel, but wide enough to accommodate 10-40 prisoners standing side by side, they can grab the rungs above their heads and walk from one step to the other so that the wheels under their feet will turn up.

This is equivalent to climbing endless steps. The key is that the prisoners must step on the pedals in unison to make the wheels turn. If someone does not step on the pedals, or the rhythm is different from others, they will be twisted into the wheels. Even the strongest of men cannot survive 15 minutes. At the end of the 15 minutes, the bell will ring, and the second team of prisoners will take over from the first team. After a 15-minute rest, the first team will continue. The team has to step 15 times a day.

Sometimes prisons use the power generated by wheels as an industrial power source. 15-year-old Edward Andrews was sentenced to 3 months in prison for stealing 1.5 pounds of beef. He would not steal beef if he had no shortage of food and drink. In regular prison labor, with the poor diet in prison, he might be able to stay until the day he is released from prison. But the treadmill needs 10 times the strength, which is equivalent to a quarter of the strength of a horse pulling a cart. No one, including adults, can do this work for several days in a row.

Each prisoner was required to turn the crank 10,000 times a day, but Edward couldn't finish it, so he had to starve. He failed to finish again a few days later, so he was given the same punishment, and the third time he broke the scale, although he claimed it was not on purpose.

So he was ordered to wear a "punishment jacket," a sort of madhouse corset with a high, stiff leather collar originally designed to deter patients from biting, which made the boy unable to eat. to a piece of bread that was placed in his mouth. The boy began to howl, and guards tied him to a wall and left him to stand for hours, waiting for him to calm down before untying him. Andrews suffered a series of such punishments over the course of a month, before the night watchman found him hanging himself with a belt tied to a railing in his cell window.

"Capital crimes can be avoided, but living crimes cannot escape" is not a kind of mercy. Suffering alive is more painful than a direct knife. After seeing it all, White helps John Fielding bring street children into charity and away from crime.

While Bentham was using utilitarianism to improve British justice, he was also reforming prisons. He designed a "all-terrain prison", surrounded by a ring-shaped building, with a watchtower in the center, and a circle of large windows on the watchtower Facing the circular cell, there are shutters on it, so that the guards can see the outside from the inside, but the prisoners cannot see the inside from the outside.

Each prisoner has a cell, and each cell runs through the cross-section of the building, with two windows, one facing the outside, allowing sunlight to come in, and the other facing the watchtower, and then what needs to be done Place an Overseer in the central watchtower.

These cells are like small stages, where everyone is an actor, and the sun is their light; at the same time, they are also spectators, and they can see the opposite cell in their own cell and see what kind of drama the other party is performing. .

In short, Bentham’s prison overturned the basic principles of the prison, closed, deprived of light and concealed, and full exposure puts both the supervisor and the supervised under surveillance. This is also one of Bonaparte’s measures for the judicial reform of the Rhine princes. .

If you want to make those conservative princes and nobles obedient, you must not only give them meat to eat. After Austria and the Habsburg family lose their prestige, elector states such as Prussia and Bavaria may become the new leaders of Germany. If Bonaparte Ba still wants to continue to be the protector of the Rhine region, so he is bound to have a conflict with Prussia, after all, only one pair of alfa is allowed in the wolf pack.

Georgiana promised William Pitt Jr. to carry out British policies. She took a fancy to the "Bow Street Theater" model. , because they were exposed in the eyes of everyone.

After the successful election of the chairman of the Wizarding Union that year, Grindelwald tortured the Muggle Jacob with the Cruciatus Curse in front of the whole world, which was somewhat different from his style in Paris.

At least as a public figure, he is disrespectful. After reaching a certain position, he must pay attention to his words and deeds, and he cannot be as free as he was when he was a student expelled by Drumstrong.

"The kid, what did he see as a tainted witness?" Georgiana asked after White finished the short story.

"France also has intelligence agencies, why don't you ask them?" White said.

"I can tell you a secret, and you can tell me yours too." She said in a sweet voice, "I promise I won't tell anyone."

"You haven't told me what you call him yet."

Georgiana waved to him, and after he leaned over, whispered in his ear, "I call him Leon."

White fell back as if electrocuted.

"It seems to be called Leon in French," White said dryly.

"His mother doesn't speak French very well, now you can tell me your secret?"

White hesitated for a moment, and whispered something in her ear as she had just done.

"How did that boy die?" Georgiana asked.

"Fall overboard," White said.

She sighed "How did he fall into the water?"

White shook his head, "I went out to do some shopping, and he disappeared when I came back."

"Just you?" Georgiana asked.

"Not everyone thinks that's a big problem," White said flatly. "It's just a business."

"I think some people don't think so." Georgiana stood up. "Nice to meet you, Mr. Shavitt."

"How long am I going to be here?" White asked.

"Oh~ I thought you liked your life now." She said with a smile.

White looked eager to lose his temper, but held back.

"Keep in touch," she said perfunctorily, and left the room.

After walking outside, the sunlight was a bit dazzling. She wanted to cover it with her hands, but she remembered that when she saw Stanley just now, he was wearing sunglasses on his face.

It was produced in Venice. The locals couldn't bear the light reflected by the sun on the sea, so they made sunglasses out of colored glass, but few people wore them.

Georgiana wanted to ask him if he had any spares, although the sun covered by the clouds was not too harsh to require dark glasses.