Chapter 786: The Disappearing Conversation

The Scrovegni Chapel at the University of Padua has a fresco depicting Jesus driving the merchants out of the temple.

This is the scene depicted in the "New Testament Gospel of John": the Jewish Passover is approaching, and Jesus is going up to Jerusalem. In the temple there were sellers of cattle, sheep, pigeons, and money changers sitting there. Jesus took the rope and made it into a whip, and drove the oxen and sheep out of the temple. pour out the money of the money changers, and overturn their tables. He also said to the pigeon seller, take these things. Do not make my Father's house a place of buying and selling.

It is actually unfair to do so, and there is no similar plot in the Old Testament. The wall where the main entrance of the chapel is located is the "Last Judgment". In the part of hell on the right, the devil keeps stuffing "sinners" into it. Eat it in your mouth, then pull it out like shit, and there is actually a pope among them.

Radical "heretics" are sometimes so desperate, but if you are afraid of death, you will not be a heretic. Back then, there were many spies who coveted the glass business in Venice, and there were many spies. The technical content of transparent glass is not high, and it can be imitated as long as it is a little transparent.

Similarly, the roasting process of tea and the weaving process of silk are also very simple. The Chinese have made money in the silk trade for a thousand years only by the control of silkworm eggs. Later, the silkworm eggs were stolen by two Indians. Thailand listed gunpowder, silk, and printing as the three major inventions that saved Europe. It was the silkworm eggs brought by these two Indians that allowed Justinian to get rid of his dependence on raw silk on the Silk Road. Two gold coins became twelve gold coins.

During the Qing Dynasty, tea was China's pillar industry, just as Venice lost its monopoly market for glass.

However, the closure of the Venetian glass industry was not due to leakage of secrets, but because other countries invented the soda ash manufacturing method and ammonia ash manufacturing method, which completely changed the situation of relying on trona and burning wood ash in the past.

Prior to this, in order to obtain the secrets of glass making, glass craftsmen were open to any conditions.

It's like a bishop, a king, and a rich merchant order soldiers to kill two other people.

This may be the reason why Galileo was imprisoned for life instead of being burned to death in the Campo de' Fiori like Bruno. He had a secret recipe, and if he was killed, the secret recipe would be gone.

So was Galileo tortured to extract a confession?

He was 70 years old when he was arrested. The Bible taught people how to enter the kingdom of heaven. Pope Urban VIII was his friend. He did not kill him during the torture, and because he did not openly resist during the trial, but However, he always obeyed the orders of the Holy See, and the Inquisition's verdict was subsequently changed to house arrest at home, and his student and old friend Archbishop A. Piccolomini was appointed to guard him in Siena's private house. During this time, he completed two The new science, Mechanics and Kinetics of Materials.

After five months in Piccolomini's house, someone wrote an anonymous letter to the Holy See accusing Piccolomini of favoring Galileo. The Holy See ordered Galileo to move to his own former residence in Archetri, near Florence, in December of that year, to be taken care of by his eldest daughter, Virginia, and the ban remained.

Galileo was blind in 1637, and was allowed to live in his son's house in the following year. During this time, he accepted two closed disciples, V. Viviani and Castelli's past student and secretary, E. Torrici Li went to accompany.

Modern people know that the atmosphere has pressure and pressure, and the unit of pressure is Pascal, but the scientist who first measured the value of atmospheric pressure was Torricelli in Italy. The inspiration of Torricelli's experiment came from Galileo's water pump.

At that time, the academic circles still had no clear understanding of whether air had weight and whether a vacuum could exist, mainly due to the influence left over from Aristotle’s thinking, and believed that “everything in the world except fire and air has its own weight. "

Galileo once discovered that the water pump he made for farmers could not pump water to a height of more than 10 meters during work. He attributed this phenomenon to the fact that the water column could not bear its own weight.

Torricelli firmly agreed with Galileo's statement that air has weight and vacuum exists. On the basis of summarizing previous theories and experiments, Torricelli conducted a large number of experiments, realized a vacuum, verified the fact that air has weight, and denied Galileo's statement about vacuum force.

Around 1641, Berti, a famous mathematician and astronomer, used a lead pipe more than 10 meters long to make a vacuum experiment. Inspired by this experiment, Torricelli thought of experimenting with higher density seawater, honey, mercury, etc. The mercury experiment he chose achieved the most successful results.

There is a room behind the bookshelf on the second floor. It is not a special secret room, but there are many drawings. Some of these drawings are designed by Gianluca himself, and some are manuscripts he bought. Torricelli is also a rich man. do experiments.

Gianluca and Severus studied the drawings after dinner, discussing the feasibility of restoring Galileo's pumps with mercury and gravity alone.

In the era of Torricelli, Aristotle was the authority of mechanics, and Torricelli's vacuum experiment was the final fatal blow to Aristotle's mechanics, so some people denied Torricelli's research results , it is proposed that the upper end of the glass tube is filled with "pure air", not a vacuum.

It was not gradually unified until Blaise Pascal's experiment successfully confirmed Torricelli's theory.

Torricelli also found in the experiment that regardless of the length of the glass tube or the inclination of the glass tube, the vertical height of the mercury column in the tube is always 76 cm, so he proposed that the height of the mercury column can be used to measure the atmospheric pressure, and in 1644 In cooperation with Viviani, the world's first mercury barometer was made. This discovery immortalized his fame, and the torr, the unit of vacuum measurement, is named after him.

Pomona took out her pocket watch and checked the time. It was almost nine o'clock. Alessandro was taken somewhere by the shadow. Now Monica and Monica were sitting on the sofa watching them discuss .

There are many water pump factories now, but Galileo has special significance to Italy. Some people compare him with Newton in England. Galileo’s situation ended Italian science, and it did not recover for centuries...

But this question has nothing to do with sending girls home!

Gianluca Dante's house had a lot of rooms, and Monica was sure to find a place to live, and even Pomona and Severus and Alessandro could live in his house.

Monica seemed to be listening to their discussion carefully, not paying attention to the time at all.

Pomona didn't dare to ask or tell. This bastard repeatedly asked Monica to "sleep" with him. Most girls have no idea about the archeology club, and the sailing club is not as cool as the football club...

Intuition told her, don't interfere with young people's love, she is not an annoying old bat.

Should she remind Monica that it's late and it's time to go home?

No matter how smart a girl is, it is possible to be fooled by these cunning boys, not to mention that Monica is not very smart, and Gianluca is very cunning.

Not all the children of the rich are the same as those boys who got syphilis and went to the island of San Servolo for treatment of "mental illness". There are also very good ones, but they are very picky. They put all their time and energy into scientific research.

Who would have thought that Isaac Newton also served as director of the Royal Mint before, and he also interrogated prisoners. Is that what a scientist should do?

"Merlin's beard."

She murmured and left the room full of intrigue.

The full name of "Dialogue" is "Dialogue on the Two World Systems of Ptolemy and Copernicus", Galileo's astronomical works.

Except for the erroneous basic point of view on the tidal issue discussed on the fourth day, the main arguments of the first three days were all proved by the later development of science

The book comprehensively and systematically discusses the various differences between the Copernican heliocentric system and the Ptolemaic geocentric system, and uses many new discoveries and new results of mechanical research by the author to demonstrate the correctness of the Copernican system and the Ptolemaic system. fallacy.

The Pope and the church were very angry about this, banned the book, and interrogated and persecuted Galileo.